Truth Science

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Comprehensive clarification of how an experience is. Never final and what is accepted as fact today may be modified or discarded tomorrow. All about provability. Life is all about finding the right recipe

The body of information produced by chemical reactions and relationships in your psyche, mind epiphenomenon of matter

Creative life. Tears down, builds up. Forms patterns. NASA says the weight of the world is 5.972 x 10^24 kilograms. It’s entire 4.54 billion years of existence, it has always been the same weight. So what you put out there, stays out there 

Nature will often only use what is needed to accomplish the task

Neither created nor destroyed, it is universal. Finite. Flowing. Forever force. Polar. Waves. We Use, Make, Give and Take. Photosynthesis and our Food Cycle make molecules split apart to form energy to Grow, Move, Repair, and Reproduce. Like attracts like, similar energies attract each other. Sex and stress, both make and take energy

Universal Energy: (Chi/Prana) Subtly flowing through and present in all living things (Aura/Soul) connected to the past, present and future (soul essence) connects us to universe. Everything in the universe exists in a state of constant vibration. The morphogenic field concept calls it a cosmic library of all experiences and memories of human minds from their physical lifetime. Energetic pathways or meridian lines (Chakra's) align w/ vibrational frequencies of the universe itself. Psyche is our interface between invisible universal flow of energy and the manifest world. Psychic power is the ability to tap into the cosmic field of flowing energies across different planes (Web of interlocking Energy Waves). Albert Einstein's Quantum fields worked with manipulating invisible energy fields. Channeling (mind) universal energy and directing life force energy (L-field) (Lunar cycles) electromagnetic field of any organism. Thoughts and feelings have their own vibrational frequencies and generate their own level of energy. Emotions emitted. Feelings flow (shape plus change/motion plus form)

Human Energy: 

1) Combustion 

2) Respiration 

3) 10% from the Sun

Renewable Energy: Generate electrons

1) Wind 

2) Water 

3) Geothermal 

4) Biofuel

Energy Moves in and out of Earth's 4 Physical Systems: 

1) Atmosphere 

2) Hydrosphere 

3) Lithosphere 

4) Biosphere

Can be Energy: 

1) Sound 

2) Light 

3) Sex (source)

Potential Energy: Stored energy. Exists in possibility

1) Chemical 

2) Elastic 

3) Nuclear 

4) Gravitational

Kinetic Energy: Energy of movement 

1) Thermal 

2) Mechanical 

3) Electrical 

4) Magnetic

Electricity: Natural phenomenon, serviceable energy when harnessed and directed

Electromagnetic Spectrum: Non Ionizing (waves) radiation to Ionizing radiation (rays) in the middle of the scope is visible light, separated by Hertz class (Gamma, Alpha, Beta, Theta, Delta)

In natural systems energy exists on 2 levels 

1) Macroscales: Everyday objects can be counted and measured 

2) Microscales: Countless atoms swim in random motion, generation electrons 

The meeting of 2 atoms, where if there is any reaction, they both are transformed. You can exert no influence though if you are not susceptible to influence, open and willing to meet, give and take, to have. Usually you get back, what you put out there. Elements of human personality, bonding with others. Synthesizing

Bond Length: Relationship or distance between 2 nuclei at the point of minimum energy, where attractive and repulsive forces cancel out

Nature of the Bond: Between atoms related to the distance between them or how positive or negative they are 

Electronegativity: The ability of an atom to attract/share electrons. Strength of the atoms bonds

Like Charges: Repelled or stressed out by the attractive force and tries to relieve the stress by getting closer, this pull is so strong that the stress level or energy rises when the 2 are separated. Too similar to each other

Proper Orientation: Needed to be aimed at each other, or particles won't react. Lives must align and illicit enough energy, either negative or positive to disrupt electron clouds

Collision Theory: How chemical reactions occur and how certain factors affect the rate of those reactions, the probabilities of interacting

1) Velocity of the colliding particles 

2) Their energy 

3) Specific chemical configuration. No reaction will take place unless the particles are properly oriented toward each other

Activation Energy: Collision energy required for chemical reactions or the amount of energy needed to arouse and disrupt the stable electronic configuration of any specific molecule so that the electrons can be rearranged. Heat is kinetic energy

Pressure: Increases when reactants are more concentrated or a decreased distance between molecules, on top of each other

Valance: Combining capacity of an atom. Extra or missing electron in the outermost orbital of the electron cloud. Ability to give and take. Law of Attraction

Polarities: Orbital configuration determine the shape of the molecules and the shape of the molecules determines how they will behave, what forms they take and what properties they have. For polarity to occur in a molecule, there has to be a dipole moment: separation of the charge around the molecule into a more positive area and a more negative area. Polar molecules are ionic. They are usually asymmetrical in shape. Liquids. Good at dissolving solids that are composed of polar or ionic compounds. Charged particles. Electrolytes. Polarizing personalities

Compounds: 2 or more different elements bonded. Ex. H2O, CO2. CH4 

Anabolic: Enzyme constructs and consumes, using energy to build macromolecules by combining simpler molecules 

Catabolic: Enzyme, breaks and releases macromolecules into simpler components, releasing energy. Polar 

Ionization: Charged Particle. Balancing H+: Acid/Base reaction. Acid dissociates, making 1 or more H+. Base binds into 1 or more OH- excepts H+

Ionic Bonds: Polar molecule (H2O) solvent separates/dissociates. Ionic bond (solutes) sugars and salts. High difference of electronegativity. Vulnerable. High electronegativity

Non-Polar Covalent: Symmetrical, share. Zero electronegativity

Polar Covalent: H2O has a bent shape.  Low electronegativity  

Total chemical reaction: Pathway series of chemical reactions that aid in the break down of complex molecules. Essential to life, synthesizing life sustaining substances. Sum of the process in the build up and destruction of protoplasm

Catalyst: Substances that can speed up a chemical reaction. someone who sets up change, but isn't affected by the change

Enzyme: Increase reaction rate with increasing temperature, breaks H+ bonds, everything in the cell happens because of them

Substrate: Base in which an organism lives. Substance enzymes act upon

Enzymatic Action: 

1) Substrate contacts the active site on enzyme 

2) Forms enzyme-substrate complex 

3) Substrate transformed into products 

4) Products released 

5) Enzyme recovered unchanged

Bacteria Metabolism: Taught molecular biologist how the "message" in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into amino acid sequence of proteins

Molecular Self-Organization: Fundamental units of information translated in linear and unique fashion into proteins that act as biology's molecular work horses, carrying your book of life

Organic Organization: Living beings acquire structure and coordinate among their component molecular parts

Body: 

1) Proteins (16%) 

2) Minerals (4% 

3) Fats (16%) 

4) Carbs (1%) 

5) Water (64%)

Biological Molecules: 

1) Instructions 

2) Energy Storage 

3) Sources of Energy 

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. Different by proportions of the same elements

Biological Absorption: Mouth: Fats, Carbs. Liver: Fats. Stomach: Proteins, Fats. Pancreas: Fats, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. Small Intestine: Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Waste Created: Carbs (CO2). Proteins (sulfuric acid). Fats (fatty acids) Ketones break down fat for energy

Glucose Regulation: Brain needs 120 grams of glucose (60-70%) of what we eat, or 2 M&Ms. Most basic simple sugar and ingredient of ATP, which is able to make energy anywhere in the body, passing through blood brain barrier. Disacharides are a pair of sugar monomers, COH maltose= glucose + glucose) Ex. Sucrorose= Glucose + Fructose. Polysacharides are many sugar monomers joined. Ex Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen (chains of glucose) Plant cell wall, long chain of sugar units (starches) glycogen stored in liver. Monosachrides simple sugars (glucose/fructose) metabolic fuel

ATP: Carbs (sugars). Fats (glycerol/fatty acids). Proteins (amino acids). Energy coupling for the body's muscles and nerves. Removes acid from the body

Carbs: Glucose. ATP. Catabolic enzyme, breaks and release. Main source of energy found in blood and stored in the liver and muscles for future energy needs. Liver turns in fat tissues. (C+, H+, O+) Covalently bind to proteins or lipids (glycolipids) in membrane and form desmosomes (cell to cell adhesion sites (barcode) seperating and blocking itself from the other cells and foreign bodies

Na+ K+ Pump: Moving Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane. Na+ and H2O pumped out and K+ pulled in. Active transport using ATP for energy

Adipose Cell: Fat storage cells, insulate/temperature. Stores 2x energy than carbs do

Saturated Fats: C+ and H+ with out double bonds and kinks. Ex. butter melts in warmer temperatures

Unsaturated Fats: Not all C+ and H+. Double bonds and kinks. Ex. Corn/Peanut oil keeps fat solidifying at lower temperatures

Trans Fats: Partially H+ on otherside double bonds, fewer kinks

Lipids: (C+, H+, O+) Main component of cell membrane. Fatty acids, Fats. Store Energy. Myelin. Triglycerides. Phospholipids. Fruits. Nuts. Seeds. Plants. Fatty acid is a simple lipid of ( C+, H+) chains that influence viscosity. Hydrophobic, water doesn't adhere to it and doesn't mix

Cholesterol: Interior membrane, it stabilizes and strengthens. Nerve cells have high cholesterol limits, giving the ability to let cells in and out. Ex. Digestion

Steroid: Considered lipids, hydrophobic. Usually big Common 4 ring structure with ( C+) Keeps membrane pliant at low temperatures. Cholesterol. Estrogen

Proteins: 

1) Albumin (54%) 

2) Globulins (38%) 

3) Fibrogen (4%) 

4) Prothrombin (1%)

Protein: Macromolecules, passenger, performing most of the body's tasks. Structure, signal, transport, regulatory enzymes, peptide bonds of amino acids (at least 50 bonds). 100,000 different proteins exist in the body. Cells need enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin to function. Most of solid materials in body (structural and functional activities). Muscle tissues (myosin) 

Channel Proteins: Facilitate. Transports chemicals in/out of cell 

Carrier Proteins: Bind to a molecule through membrane. Communicates and responds to signals. Metabolize. Anabolic enzymes constructs and consumes energy

Amino Acids: Subunits of proteins (carboxyl acid) ionic covalent bonds cause variable side influencing protein shape, charge, and hydrophobicity

Protein Structures: 

1) Primary: Amino acid sequence 

2) Secondary: Helixes and pleated sheets 

3) Tertiary: 3D folding of one polypeptide 

4) Quaternary: 2 or more folded polypeptides

Membrane Proteins: 

1) Transport 

2) Receptors for signal transduction 

3) Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Conjugated Proteins: Proteins attached with 

1) Carb 

2) Lipid 

3) Nucleic Acid

Denaturation: Protein unfolds, or misfolds like in Sickle Cell. Heat involved 

Nucleic Acids: Complex compounds making DNA and RNA. Bonds of (C+, H+, N, O, Ph) making cells and their organelles

Minerals: Iron, Hemoglobin 

Vitamins: Made up of the same elements 

1) Carbon 

2) Hydrogen 

3) Oxygen 

4) Nitrogen 

5) Cobalt 

Arranged differently performing 1 or more specific body function. Compounds needed to prevent diseases (deficiencies) Classified by solubility or Fat and Water soluble. Fat soluble are stored in the body and include Vitamin A,D,E,K. Water soluble aren't stored in the body and are Vitamin C,B

Vitamin A: Protein synthesis, immune function, forming collagen, epithelium maintenance, night vision, pressure ulcer. Form and maintain skin, hair, and proper bone growth, teeth. Immune maintenance of protective linings (lungs, intestines, urinary tract) Normal reproduction, protects against certain forms of cancer. Vision protects cornea from becoming cloudy, dry and the ability to adjust to light. Beta carotene converted to vitamin A and makes food orange

Hyper Vitamin A: Dry, scaly skin, bone pain, soreness, stunted growth, liver damage, nausea and diarrhea

Vitamin D: Also made by body and acts like a hormone (chemical messenger) maintains blood calcium and phosphorous levels. UV rays on skin converts cholesterol like compound into vitamin D precursor in blood 

Hypo vitamin D: Rickets, scoliosis, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hypertension, cancer dementia, auto immune disorders 

Hyper vitamin D: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, thirst. Calcium deposits in heart and kidneys. With Vitamin E may help against dementia and Parkinson's

Vitamin E: Fat metabolism, collagen synthesis, cell stability, antioxidant prevents oxygen from destroying important substances by combining with oxygen molecules so they don't oxidize or destroy the cell. Slows down natural aging process and protection against cancer. Cell health (blood) Metabolism of Vitamin A and immune functions. Plant foods, vegetable oil, margarine, wheat germ. Prevents oil from going rancid

Vitamin K: Produces protein involved in clotting and calcium metabolism. Made in body by bacteria in the intestines which usually is enough for the body. Green leafy vegetables, liver, milk, eggs

B Complex: Works in every cell in the body, function as coenzymes activating enzymes, which boost chemical reactions supporting an array of body functions, like excreting urine

Vitamin B: Deficiency is rare. Key roles as coenzymes in energy metabolism. Enzymes (specialized proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions, help release energy from glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids 

B1) Thiamine: Poor appetite, depression, confusion, weakness, muscle wasting, heart problems, decreased nervous system function 

B2) Riboflavin: Low: Cracks in the corner of mouth, skin rash, poor healing, burning itchy eyes. Skin, eye function. Found in milk, whole grains, organ meat B3) Niacin: Maintain skin, nervous system, digestive tract, organ meat, poultry, fish, complete protein, milk, eggs, tryptophan Low: fatigue, poor appetite, indigestion, skin rash, chronic (pellagra) 

High: Flushing, rash, tingles, hives, nausea, diarrhea, abd discomfort, liver malfunction, hyperglycemia, abnormal rhythm. Whole grain. Rebuilding energy production, converts glucose, fatty acids, fats, immune maintenance, RBC formation 

B6) Pyridoxine: Coenzyme with carbs, fats and especially protein metabolism, where its used to make RBCs and convert amino acidtryptophan in niacin (B3) Meat, fish, poultry, potato, banana, brocoli, spinach. Low: muscle twitch, rash, greasy skin and small cell anemia B9) Folate: part of coenzyme that makes new cells like RBCs, WBCs and digestive tract cells 

Low: Megaloblastic anemia (GI, pregnant birth defects (neural tube deficits) or brain and spinal issues. B12) Cobalamin: Present in every cell and folate. Involved with growth of every new cell. Protective cover around nerve fibers. Only in animal products, vegan issues. Intrinsic factor is needed for absorbing B12 produced in the stomach, pernicious anemia

Vitamin C: Tissue repair. Regenerates forms collagen. Metabolism of amino acids. Helps absorb iron and activate copper. Stress, burns. Collagen (Protein that strengthens/supports bones/teeth, muscles, cartilage, blood vessels and skin tissue. Increased resistance of infections. Prevents oxidation of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids in intestines. Widely additive to foods (preserves freshness) labeled as sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, ascorbic acid. Fruits, citrus, tomatoes, strawberries, cantaloupe, green and yellow vegetables. Increased need situations are pregnancy, nursing, growth, fevers, infections, burns, fractures, surgery, cancer

Passage of knowledge to generations, molecular memory. Geneticist adapted the lexicon of cybernetic system theory, which was developed to understand how complex technological systems found in electronic engineering; robotics and communication.  Different component in genome linked into circuits and regulated by feedback loops and switches, as they pass signals from one unit to another. Genomes perform their role of organizing and regulating life in a modular and hierarchal fashion. Electronic components connected into basic circuit element. Amplifiers or logic devices in turn arrange

Gene Expression: Effective procedure or anything that can be solved in prescribed # of steps

Messenger RNA: Passes on genetic information (DNA to Protein)

Ribosomal RNA: Part of the ribosomes that synthesize proteins as directed in the messenger RNA

Genetic Sequence of DNA: Matter of information, barcode, digital code, molecular memory producing proteins, producing life, tiny molecules regulating cells nucleic acid (DNA)

Genetic Circuitory: Signal rate of synthesis of a protein. Digital code to your cookbook. 25,000-30,000 genes

RNA Splicing: Create Messenger mRNA

Transfer RNA: tRNA combines 20 different amino acids. Anti-codon. Transfers amino acids for growing proteins

Recombination Frequency: % of recessive offspring

Polygenetic Inheritance: Skin/height. Character. Inheritable factors

Hereditary: Transmission of traits (alleles)

Dominant: Determines organisms appearance

Recessive: Not noticeable

Loci: Specific location of a gene along a chromosome

Phenotype: Appearance or expression of the gene's traits

Genotype: Genetic makeup of a trait, genes of an organism

Sex Chromosomes: X and Y. XX = Girl. XY = Boy

Redesigning Life like computer engineering, a question of coding and circuit design. Genetic information acting as protein workers. Vehicle of genes passing instructions down generation lines. Information encoded in digital sequence of molecular building blocks along it's helix, mechanisms by which the information could be copied during replication. By the 1970s, started modifying instructions for Life by using natural enzymes to edit and paste portions of recombinant DNA, thinking life as a form of engineering. Design. Living factories

1) Contains like a barcode found in order of bases. Double nucleotides (A and T, T and A, G and C, C and G)

2) DNA transfers code to messenger RNA molecule, which doesn't contain Thymine but Uracil protein that unzips rung of DNA, transcription begins 

2.1) Promoter (base sequence pair) 

2.2) Ends with terminator 

2.3) Detaches from DNA and continues to reassemble 3 groups of nucleotides in RNA codon (UACG) code for 64 different amino acids but mostly only 20 are used

3) mRNA leaves nucleus and attaches to a ribosome, in the cytoplasm and attaches to tRNA

4) tRNA: sequence of anticodons that pair with mRNA codons bringing amino acids to ribosomes, unpaired nucleotides

5) Amino acids link together anticodon (CGG) and (GCC) and brings Alanine to bind with 2nd METH and the third amino acid tRNA with Tryptophan attaches anti-codon (ACC) with amino acid Threonine and binds to Tryptophan to build a protein

6) Ribosome releases protein, building translations of 50 amino acids linking to form proteins 

Finding the Right Recipe:

1) Gene recipe to protein 

2) Gene for protein is part of the DNA molecule "cookbook" 

3) mRNA writes down recipe and carries it back to cytoplasm "kitchen" 

4) Protein "finished product", amino acids brought by tRNA "ingredients of protein"

Gene Activation: The how to know when to unzip, maintaining homeostasis

DNA Polymerase: Flow of genetic information, transcribing RNA 

1) DNA 

2) RNA 

3) Proteins 

4) Links to genes

Transcript: Synthesis of RNA under direction DNA. Making RNA 

1) mRNA 

2) tRNA 

3) rRNA. Regular, linear fashion from one nucleotide base to the next in bacteria/virus. Organism with nucleus its an entires base sequence of DNA that 

1) Transcribed in =to mRNA 

2) RNA gets modified by eliminating parts of it and splicing the rest together 

3) Final "mature" mRNA gets translated into proteins

Translation: Synthesis of proteins under RNA proteins. Amino acids. Subunits of protein. 20 naturally occurring

Codon: Stop 3 letter combo (UAA, UGA, UAG)

Exon: In gene. Splice out/unzip makes proteins mRNA. Portion that gets translated into final proteins

Intron: Don't go in. Segment of DNA with genes that dont make proteins. Portion of oringinal DNA sequence that gets edited out in the process

Chromosome: String of DNA. Polymer of nucleotides. Physically carries hereditary information (genome) all the genetic information in a cell. Consist of genes

Genetics: 

1) Study of what genes are 

2) How they carry information 

3) How the information is expressed 

4) How genes are replicated

Gene: Segment of DNA that encodes a functional product, usually a protein

DNA expression: Genetic information used within cell to produce proteins needed for the cell to function

Replicant: Genetic information transferred between generations of cells. Vertical gene transfer

Recombinant: Genetic information transferred between cells of same generation. Horizontal gene transfer

Regulation: Constitutive genes expressed at fixed rates. Other genes expressed only as needed

Repressible Operon: Regulatory gene Operon: On 

Repressor: Off and transcription and translation continues

Mutation: Genetic material change for 

1) Harmful 

2) Beneficial 

3) Neutral. Radiation/Ionizing (x-rays - gamma=rays) cause formation of ions that can react with nucleotides and deoxyribose-phosphate backbone

Chromosomal Types: Autosomes 

1) Telocentric 

2) Acrocentric 

3) Submetacentric 

4) Metacentric

Sex chromosomes: X and Y. 46 diploid chromosomes = 23 homologous

All functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, responding to extracellular signals (hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters) and produces intracellular response (replication, growth)

People Cell: 

1) Proteins (7%) 

2) Water (91%) 

3) Solutes (2%)

Cell Division: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64...) 3, 6 and 9 exist on completely different plane

Cellular Respiration: Osmosis. Exerginic energy release, cells extract energy from the transfer of electrons. Glucose and O2. 8 minutes without O2, lysis begins

Isotonic: Blood plasma

Hypotonic: Solutes concentration increased inside cell. H2O rushes in. Decreased osmotic pressure. Depressed

Hypertonic: Solutes concentration decreased outside cell. H2O rushes out. Increased osmotic pressure

Dehydration Synthesis: Condensation, where molecules join and produce water. C6H12O6 (glucose) and C6H12O6 (fructose) = H2O

Hydrolysis: Molecules split and water used C12H22O4 (sucrose) + H2O

Extracellular Fluid: 40L of H2O (65% of body's weight)

Intracellular Fluid: K+, Mg+, HPO4, protein, SO4

Interstial Fluid: Na+, HCO3, Cl-

Plasma: Na+, HCO3, Cl-, Protein

Endocytosis: Transport requires energy. Membrane surrounds material to get inside cell. Ex. WBC

Exocytosis: Transport requires energy. Material inside cell, packaged together (vessicle) Fuses with membrane and releases contents out of the cell. Ex Releasing waste and bringing in nutrients

Facilitated: Needs help getting through membrane

Simple Active: Low to high. Ex. Food giving energy back

Amoeba: Single cell organism, that asexually reproduces with mitosis

Meiosis: Order of bases determines inherited characteristics (fertilized egg cell) Haploid reunite to make new diploid. Alternating generations. 2 pairs of chromosomes 

1) Duplication of genetic material (mitotic) division. Chromosomes duplicate homologous pairs that find/line up and share. Mitosis daughter cell (46 chromosomes) 

2) Nuclear envelope fades and homologous chromosomes unite 

3) Replicate (4 sister chromatids connect and make strands of the chromatid material) 92 chromatids crossover 

4) Reduces 46 chromatids and new nuclear envelope surrounds chromatids 5) Envelope disappears and 2ndary spermatocytes divide to 4 spermatids (23 chromosomes) 

Spermatoza: Active sperm cell 

Eggs: Have similar process (polar body disintigrates) Mature egg formed 6 weeks of conception

Cell that do not divide: 

1) RBCs (marrow continues to replace) 

2) Mature skeletal, cardiac and nerve cells 

3) Muscle/adipose grows/shrinks

Mitotic: Cell physically divides 

1) Mitosis (nucleus and contents duplicating chromosomes) divide/duplicate into 2 daughter nuclei 

2) Cytokinesis (begins before mitosis ends) cytoplasm divides to produce 2 daughter cells. Division stage

Cell cycle: Phase of growth and division, formation and division

Interphase: High cell metabolic activities (enzyme) growing stage. Doubling everything in the cytoplasm and duplicating DNA 

Horizontal gene transfer: Between cells of same generation

Genetic Recombination: Exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules. Crossing over when 2 chromosomes break and rejoin

Virus: Nucleic acid surrounded by protein envelope that invades cells and acts like a metabolic machine to reproduce itself. Interferons are proteins released by the body when a virus has made entry, and signal to stop the invaders replication. A virus needs a host to survive, they affect all forms of life, and mutate quickly. Viral genes continue to be around longer than actual virus, hijacking DNA to reproduce more of itself

Retro Virus: DNA mutations, the virus can't reproduce itself so they insert their genetic material into host cells genome, relying on the host to replicate material. So overtime more copies of the virus infect other cells, and continue the process of embedding instructions for making new viral products in our DNA 

HERV: Human endogenous retro virus makes up almost 8% of our entire genetic code

STEM CELLS: Pluripotent cells that could be anything; bone, marrow, neuro, muscle, visceral, blood cells. The genome will eventually tell cells what kind of tissue it will eventually and permanently become

HERV-K: Helps embryos develop a built in immune system, keeping them safe before they develop antibodies to pathogens in the world. Codes for small protein receptors helping HERV-K make viral copies of proteins to infect other cells. Triggering embryonic cells to start making antiviral proteins, building one of the 1st defense against other viruses. After a week of fertilization, the virus leads the placenta to secrete a protein that binds it to the embryo and keeps them attached for next few months of development 

HERV-H: Multiple Sclerosis 

HERV-K: ALS.  Ancient virus

HERV-E: Gives saliva the ability to break down simple sugars, usually performed by amylase from pancreas

GENE: Arrangement of the bases or genetic code 3 letter word that translates proteins 

VIRAL RNA: Isolated TX with enzymes to extract or 

Serology: Antibody blood test

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Strand of DNA amplifying or making more copies of DNA. Heat added and proteins breakdown (separate or denature) into single strand of DNA. 2 primers bind, elongates to target viral RNA sequence. Taq Polymerase extends synthesis of new DNA and continues the cycle of copies. Exponential growth = 2 rounds = 4 strands, 3 rounds = 8 strands, 4 rounds = 16 strands, 5 rounds = 32 strands for about 35-40 cycles in the lab

Thermos Aquaticus: PCR technology based on a bacteria that is able to live in hot geyser at Yellow Stone, because with heat it is continually copying DNA with its Taq Primer or DNA polymerase

DNA Polymerase: Add nucleotide to the parental DNA synthesis that continuous and in pieces

DNA ligase: Links pieces together into single DNA strand

DNA Replication: Proceeds in 2 directions (3,5) at many sites simultaneously

Symptoms of Inflammation: 

1) Warmth 

2) Redness 

3) Swelling 

4) Pain 

5) Decreased Function. Preventing the spread of damaging agents. Dispose cell debris and pathogens. Alerts adaptive immune system. Set stage for repair

Stages of Inflammation: Histamine 

1) Vascular change in vesicle constriction and dilation of arterioles 

2) Cellular exudate 

3) Tissue repair

Immunities: 

1) Innate (born with/natural/native) 

2) Acquired (after birth) 

3) Active Acquired (immunization) 

4) Passive Acquired (antibodies) surveillance for pathogens, marks it w/ antigen (flag) 

Plasmid: Antibiotics 

Autoimmune: Antibodies attach to the TSH receptors, causing an over production of T3 T4, destroying thyroid tissue

Leukocytes: White blood cells, WBCs (10,000-12,000) 

1) Neutrophils (60-70%) 

2) Lymphocytes (20-25%) 

3) Monocytes (3-8%) 

4) Eosinophils (3-4%) 

5) Basophils (.5-1%)

NK cell: Macrophage. Police with apoptotic cancer cells

Make machine making machinery. Yeast equipped with genes, regulates processes needed for a whole new metabolic pathway or sequence of biochemical reactions or metabolic engineering. Bacteria and yeast engineered to green fuels (H+ and ethanol) and biodegradable plastics, made with no oil

JVCI: Well established chemical methods to build an entire genome from DNA, based off that of a naturally occurring bacterium. Mycoplasma mycoides, took a cell closely related bacterium, extracted DNA and inserted artificial replacements "booted up with modified" cells as if they were computers with new operating systems. They worked just as well with the modified verified bacterial cells that can be fitted with new instructions that might be stripped down simplified versions of natural "minimal" versions of mycoplasma bacterium

Synthetic Plastic: No organism evolved to digest plastic and could be there for thousands of years. No decompose and bacteria slowly evolving to feed on it, exploiting energy embodied in polymers (hydro carbon bonds). Vats of modified yeast are able to turn sugar to ethanol 

Polymers: Long repetitive molecules primarily made of carbon, shaping and giving plastics their plasticity, or the ability to be molded into any shape. Naturally derived plastics, found in horns, skin, hair and wool, are made with  keratin, a mixed carbon and nitrogen polymer. Rubber and wood, are made with cellulose, the polymer provides tough walls of plant cells 

Monomer: Carbs/sugars. Repeatable small molecules

Dimer: 2 monomers joined

Isomer: Molecule with same formula 

1) Endocrine

2) Respiratory

3) GI (digestive)

4) Reproductive

5) Integumentary

6) Muscular

7) Nervous

8) Cardiovascular

9) Lymphatic

10) Urinary

11) Skeletal

Organ System: Groups of tissues that specialize for a specific function. Collection of live and dead cells

Tissues: Groups of cells with same function. Surround the cell 

1) Epithelal: lines organs that form glands, thyroids, pancreas, skin and lining of mouth and stomach

2) Mesoderm: Smooth muscles. Asthma, Kidney

3) Endothelium: Vascular permeability. Coagulation. Anti-Coagulation. Regulation of vascular tone. Immune. Formation of new vessels by vasculogenesis and angiogenesis

Connective Tissues: Non-living and living tissues with a degree of vascularity. Fibers that need to be cooked (denatured) to breakdown. Connects 1 part to other. Supports. Cushions. Insulate. Bones, blood, cartilage

Skeletal System: Bones (living cells surrounded by nonliving extracellular material) Framework/protection/warehouse. Minerals 

206 Types of Bones: 

1) Sesamoid (developed in tendons, kneecaps, vertebrae) 

2) Long (femur) 

3) Flat (Ribs) 

4) Short (carpal)

68 Types of Joints: 

1) Cartilaginous (slightly moveable connected with cartilage, connective tissue of tightly packed cell (collagen) ribs, pelvic, torso 

2) Synovial (move) Ball/socket. Hinge. Saddle. Ellipsoid. Pivot. Glide 

3) Fibrous (immoveable/slightly connected by tense connective tissue. Skull sutures, forearm

Stored in bones: 

1) Ca+ 

2) Mg 

3) Ph 

Yellow bone marrow: Stores fats 

Red Marrow: Eventually turns yellow but is there for RBC production

Circulatory System: 

1) Blood vessels (delivers O2 and nutrients) 

2) Carry away waste 

3) Maintain BP

Arteries, Veins, Capilaries, Capules, Venules

Lymph: Endothelial cell ducts "Thymes" (R drains to internal jugular) (L drains into thoracic duct) Subclavian vein

Peyers Patch: Distal of the small intestine. Part of the lymph system

Tissue Damage: Caused by chemical mediators (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins) to open Na+ channels 

Endocrine/Exocrine System: Maintains homeostasis with slower moving hormones through blood that targets broad areas and have lingering effects chemically. Most hormones are amino acid based steroids, synthesized from cholesterol

Hormones: Long distant signals. Lymph and blood 

1) Amino acid based 

2) Steroids 

3) Eicosanoids

Androgen: Group of hormones like testosterone (primarily influence the growth and development of male reproduction system

Pituitary: Produces growth hormones 

1) Estrogen 

2) Progesterone 

3) Testosterone

Anterior Pituitary: Produces TSH

Thyroid Gland: Need iodine to work

Parathyroid: PTH (phosphate and calcium levels)

PTH: Goes to the 

1) Bones 

2) Kidneys 

Bones send Ca+ to blood vessels. Kidneys also send Ca+ to blood vessels and Vitamin D in intestines sends Ca+ to blood vessels

Pancreas: 

1) Insulin 

2) Glugagon (muscles burn to heat up)

Alpha: Secretes glucagon

Beta: Secretes insulin

Insulin: Pancreatic hormone that regulates storage of glucose

Delta: Secretes soma statin

Adrenal Cortex: Stress

ADH: The more of it, the more water reabsorption in renal tubules (increased intravascular fluid volume) Dilutional hyponatremia and decreased serum osmolality

RAAS: Adrenal (Kidneys the doors to the club) 

Na+ (Girls) 

H2O (Guys) 

Renin (CEO and can tell them to shut down club kidneys) 

Angeotensin 1 and 2 (Assistant Managers, says to hold Na+ in: wants a bunch of girls at the club to entice H2O too) 

ACE Inhibitor (Cops, that cuts off the line of communication and can shut down the club kidneys) 

ARBS (blocker, like the pimp who allows the Na+ to leave 1 and then H2O to follow 

Aldosterone (Bouncer at the door, enzyme made in kidneys, told by assistant manager (angiotensin) to shut down but still let in Na+ and no fluid is released from the body