Truth Science

---

A Universal, Comprehensive Clarification of How an Experience is. It is Never Final and What is Accepted as Fact Today maybe Modified or Discarded Tomorrow, All Based on Provability. Or Observations that Have Repeatedly been Confirmed and for All Practical Purposes are Accepted as True. Objective Reality, Free from Personal Feelings and Perceptions, Independent of the Mind, These are the Things that Actually Are. A Phenomenon is without Preconception, Natural Event, Experienced Equally by Everyone. It Produces Patterns that Alter Thoughts, Actions and Behaviors for Future Facts to Form

Well Substantiated Explanation of Some Aspect of the Natural World that can Incorporate Facts, Laws, Inferences and Tested Hypothesis

The Body of Information Produced by Chemical Reactions and Relationships in Your Psyche, Mind Epiphenomenon of Matter

E=MC^2: Matter and Energy are Interconvertible, Matter has Energy Associated with It and Energy can Manifest Itself as Material Particles

Total Chemical Reaction: Pathway Series of Chemical Reactions that Aid in the Break Down of Complex Molecules. Essential to Life, Synthesizing Life Sustaining Substances. The Sum of the Process in the Build Up and Destruction of Protoplasm

Catalyst: Substances that Can Speed up a Chemical Reaction. Similar to Someone who Sets Up Change, but Isn't Affected by the Change

Enzyme: Increase Reaction Rates with Increasing Temperature, Breaks H+ Bonds, Everything in the Cell Happens Because of Them

Substrate: Base in Which an Organism Lives. Substance Enzymes Act Upon

Enzymatic Action: 

1) Substrate Contacts the Active Site on Enzyme 

2) Forms Enzyme-Substrate Complex 

3) Substrate Transformed into Products 

4) Products Released 

5) Enzyme Recovered Unchanged

Anabolic: Enzyme Constructs and Consumes, Using Energy to Build Macromolecules by Combining Simpler Molecules 

Catabolic: Enzyme Breaks and Releases Macromolecules into Simpler Components, Releasing Energy. Polar 

Molecular Self-Organization: Fundamental Units of Information that are Translated in Linear, Unique Fashion into Proteins that Act as Biology's Molecular Work Horses, Carrying Out Your Book of Life

Organic Organization: Living Beings Acquire Structure and Coordinate Among their Component Molecular Parts

Body: 

1) Proteins (16%) 

2) Minerals (4%)

3) Fats (16%) 

4) Carbs (1%) 

5) Water (64%)

Biological Molecules: 

1) Instructions 

2) Energy Storage 

3) Sources of Energy 

Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. Different by Proportions of the Same Elements (C+, H+, O+)

Biological Absorption: 

Mouth: Fats, Carbs
Liver: Fats
Stomach: Proteins, Fats

Pancreas: Fats, Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids 

Small Intestine: Carbs, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Waste Created: Carbs (CO2), Proteins (Sulfuric Acid). Fats (Fatty Acids) Ketones Break Down Fat for Energy

Glucose Regulation: Our Brain Needs 120 Grams of Glucose (60-70%) of What we Eat, or 2 M&Ms. Glucose is the Most Basic Simple Sugar and a Ingredient of ATP, Which is Able to Make Energy Anywhere in the Body, Passing through the Blood Brain Barrier. Monosaccharides Simple Sugars (Glucose/Fructose) Metabolic Fuel

ATP: Carbs (Sugars). Fats (Glycerol/Fatty Acids). Proteins (Amino Acids). Energy Coupling for the Body's Muscles and Nerves. Removes Acid from the Body

Carbs: Glucose. ATP. Catabolic enzyme, breaks and release. Main source of energy found in blood and stored in the liver and muscles for future energy needs

Na+ K+ Pump: Moving Na+ and K+ ions across the cell membrane. Na+ and H2O pumped out and K+ pulled in. Active transport using ATP for energy

Adipose Cell: Fat storage cells, insulate/temperature. Stores 2x energy than carbs do

Saturated Fats: C+ and H+ with out double bonds and kinks. Ex. butter melts in warmer temperatures

Unsaturated Fats: Not all C+ and H+. Double bonds and kinks. Ex. Corn/Peanut oil keeps fat solidifying at lower temperatures

Trans Fats: Partially H+ on otherside double bonds, fewer kinks

Lipids: (C+, H+, O+) Main component of cell membrane. Fatty acids, Fats. Store Energy. Myelin. Triglycerides. Phospholipids. Fruits. Nuts. Seeds. Plants. Fatty acid is a simple lipid of ( C+, H+) chains that influence viscosity. Hydrophobic, water doesn't adhere to it and doesn't mix

Cholesterol: Interior membrane, it stabilizes and strengthens. Nerve cells have high cholesterol limits, giving the ability to let cells in and out. Ex. Digestion

Steroid: Considered lipids, hydrophobic. Usually big Common 4 ring structure with (C+) Keeps membrane pliant at low temperatures. Cholesterol. Estrogen

Proteins: 

1) Albumin (54%) 

2) Globulins (38%) 

3) Fibrogen (4%) 

4) Prothrombin (1%)

Protein: Macromolecules, Perform Most of the Body's Tasks. It may be Structure, Signal, Transport, Regulatory Enzymes,100,000 different proteins exist in the body. Cells need enzymes, hormones, antibodies, hemoglobin to function. Most of solid materials in body (structural and functional activities). Muscle tissues (myosin) 

Channel Proteins: Facilitate. Transports chemicals in/out of cell 

Carrier Proteins: Bind to a molecule through membrane. Communicates and responds to signals. Metabolize. Anabolic enzymes constructs and consumes energy

Amino Acids: Subunits of proteins (carboxyl acid) ionic covalent bonds cause variable side influencing protein shape, charge, and hydrophobicity

Protein Structures: 

1) Primary: Amino acid sequence 

2) Secondary: Helixes and pleated sheets 

3) Tertiary: 3D folding of one polypeptide 

4) Quaternary: 2 or more folded polypeptides

Membrane Proteins: 

1) Transport 

2) Receptors for signal transduction 

3) Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix

Conjugated Proteins: Proteins Attached with 

1) Carb 

2) Lipid 

3) Nucleic Acid

Denaturation: Protein Unfolds, or Miss folds like in Sickle Cell. Heat is Involved 

Nucleic Acids: Complex Compounds That Make DNA and RNA. Bonds of (C+, H+, N, O, Ph) Create Cells and Their Organelles

Minerals: 

1) Iron

Without Iron, there is no Hemoglobin to Produce the Protein Needed to Carry Oxygen Throughout the Body

Vitamins: Made Up of the Same 5 Elements 

1) Carbon 

2) Hydrogen 

3) Oxygen 

4) Nitrogen 

5) Cobalt 

Arranged Differently Performing 1 or More Specific Body Function. Compounds Needed to Prevent Diseases (Deficiencies) Classified by Solubility or either Fat or Water Soluble. Fat Soluble are Stored in the Body and Include Vitamin A,D,E,K. Water Soluble aren't Stored in the Body and are Vitamin C and B

Vitamin A: Protein synthesis, immune function, forming collagen, epithelium maintenance, night vision, Preventing Pressure Ulcers. Form and maintain skin, hair, and proper bone growth, teeth. Immune maintenance of protective linings (lungs, intestines, urinary tract) Normal reproduction, protects against certain forms of cancer. Vision protects cornea from becoming cloudy, dry and the ability to adjust to light. Beta carotene converted to vitamin A and makes food orange

Hyper Vitamin A: Dry, scaly skin, bone pain, soreness, stunted growth, liver damage, nausea and diarrhea

Vitamin D: Also made by body and acts like a hormone (chemical messenger) maintains blood calcium and phosphorous levels. UV rays on skin converts cholesterol like compound into vitamin D precursor in blood 

Hypo vitamin D: Rickets, scoliosis, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, hypertension, cancer dementia, auto immune disorders 

Hyper vitamin D: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, thirst. Calcium deposits in heart and kidneys. With Vitamin E may help against dementia and Parkinson's

Vitamin E: Fat metabolism, collagen synthesis, cell stability, antioxidant prevents oxygen from destroying important substances by combining with oxygen molecules so they don't oxidize or destroy the cell. Slows down natural aging process and protection against cancer. Cell health (blood) Metabolism of Vitamin A and immune functions. Plant foods, vegetable oil, margarine, wheat germ. Prevents oil from going rancid

Vitamin K: Produces protein involved in clotting and calcium metabolism. Made in body by bacteria in the intestines which usually is enough for the body. Green leafy vegetables, liver, milk, eggs

B Complex: Works in every cell in the body, function as coenzymes activating enzymes, which boost chemical reactions supporting an array of body functions, like excreting urine

Vitamin B: Deficiency is rare. Key roles as coenzymes in energy metabolism. Enzymes (specialized proteins that speed up specific chemical reactions and help release energy from glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids 

B1) Thiamine: Poor appetite, depression, confusion, weakness, muscle wasting, heart problems, decreased nervous system function 

B2) Riboflavin: Low: Cracks in the corner of mouth, skin rash, poor healing, burning itchy eyes. Skin, eye function. Found in milk, whole grains, organ meat B3) Niacin: Maintain skin, nervous system, digestive tract, organ meat, poultry, fish, complete protein, milk, eggs, tryptophan Low: fatigue, poor appetite, indigestion, skin rash, chronic (pellagra) 

High: Flushing, rash, tingles, hives, nausea, diarrhea, abd discomfort, liver malfunction, hyperglycemia, abnormal rhythm. Whole grain. Rebuilding energy production, converts glucose, fatty acids, fats, immune maintenance, RBC formation 

B6) Pyridoxine: Coenzyme with carbs, fats and especially protein metabolism, where its used to make RBCs and convert amino acidtryptophan in niacin (B3) Meat, fish, poultry, potato, banana, brocoli, spinach. Low: muscle twitch, rash, greasy skin and small cell anemia 

B9) Folate: part of coenzyme that makes new cells like RBCs, WBCs and digestive tract cells 

Low: Megaloblastic anemia (GI, pregnant birth defects (neural tube deficits) or brain and spinal issues. B12) Cobalamin: Present in every cell and folate. Involved with growth of every new cell. Protective cover around nerve fibers. Only in animal products, vegan issues. Intrinsic factor is needed for absorbing B12 produced in the stomach, pernicious anemia

Vitamin C: Tissue repair. Regenerates forms collagen. Metabolism of amino acids. Helps absorb iron and activate copper. Stress, burns. Collagen (Protein that strengthens/supports bones/teeth, muscles, cartilage, blood vessels and skin tissue. Increased resistance of infections. Prevents oxidation of vitamin A and polyunsaturated fatty acids in intestines. Widely additive to foods (preserves freshness) labeled as sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, ascorbic acid. Fruits, citrus, tomatoes, strawberries, cantaloupe, green and yellow vegetables. Increased need situations are pregnancy, nursing, growth, fevers, infections, burns, fractures, surgery, cancer

Passage of Knowledge to Generations, Molecular Memory to Survive. Geneticist adapted the lexicon of cybernetic system theory, which was developed to understand how complex technological systems found in electronic engineering; robotics and communication.  Different component in genome linked into circuits and regulated by feedback loops and switches, as they pass signals from one unit to another. Genomes perform their role of organizing and regulating life in a modular and hierarchal fashion. Electronic components connected into basic circuit element. Amplifiers or logic devices in Turn Arrange According to a Question of Coding and Circuit Design. Genetic Information Act as Protein Workers. Vehicle of Genes Passing Instructions Down Generation Lines. Information Encoded in Digital Sequence of Molecular Building Blocks Along it's Helix, Mechanisms by Which the Information Could be Copied during Replication

By the 1970s, Geneticist Started Modifying Instructions for Life by Using Natural Enzymes to Edit and Paste Portions of Recombinant DNA. Not Sure Why DNA was Not Used to Solve Crimes until 1986 but...

Geneticist Think of It as Another Form of Engineering. Designing Life like Living Factories

Bacteria Metabolism: Taught molecular biologist how the "message" in DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into amino acid sequence of proteins 

Regulating the Right Recipe:

1) Genes are Recipes to Make Proteins 

2) A Gene for a Particular Protein is Part "Page" of the DNA Molecule "Cookbook" 

3) Messenger RNA (mRNA) Passes on Genetic Information (DNA to Protein) in the Nucleus it Writes Down the Recipe and Rides with the Ribosome "Chef" to the Cytoplasm "Kitchen" and Passes It on to (tRNA)

4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) Brings the Amino Acids "Ingredients"

5) Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) "Chef" Follows the Steps in Written Order and Uses Exactly the Ingredients, that the Recipe Calls for, Ready to Release the Right Protein as Directed  

Mutation: Genetic Material Change that Can Be... 

1) Harmful 

2) Beneficial 

3) Neutral 

Radiation/Ionizing (X-Rays - Gamma-Rays) Cause Formation of Ions that can React with Nucleotides and DNA's Deoxyribose-Phosphate Backbone

Sex chromosomes: X and Y. 46 diploid chromosomes = 23 homologous

Make machine making machinery. Yeast equipped with genes, regulates processes needed for a whole new metabolic pathway or sequence of biochemical reactions, metabolic engineering. Bacteria and yeast engineered to green fuels (H+ and ethanol) and biodegradable plastics, made with no oil

JVCI: Well established chemical methods to build an entire genome from DNA, based off that of a naturally occurring bacterium. Mycoplasma mycoides, took a cell closely related bacterium, extracted DNA and inserted artificial replacements "booted up with modified" cells as if they were computers with new operating systems. They worked just as well with the modified verified bacterial cells that can be fitted with new instructions that might be stripped down simplified versions of natural "minimal" versions of mycoplasma bacterium

Synthetic Plastic: No organism evolved to digest plastic and it could be there for thousands of years. Bacteria is slowly evolving to feed on it, exploiting energy embodied in polymers (hydro carbon bonds). Vats of modified yeast are able to turn sugar to ethanol 

Polymers: Long repetitive molecules primarily made of carbon, shaping and giving plastics their plasticity, or the ability to be molded into any shape. Naturally derived plastics, found in horns, skin, hair and wool, are made with  keratin, a mixed carbon and nitrogen polymer. Rubber and wood, are made with cellulose, the polymer provides tough walls of plant cells 

Monomer: Carbs/sugars. Repeatable small molecules

Dimer: 2 monomers joined

Isomer: Molecule with same formula 

All functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis, responding to extracellular signals (hormones, cytokines, neurotransmitters) and produces intracellular response (replication, growth)

People Cell: 

1) Proteins (7%) 

2) Water (91%) 

3) Solutes (2%)

Cell Division: (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64...) 3, 6 and 9 exist on completely different plane

Cellular Respiration: Osmosis. Exerginic energy release, cells extract energy from the transfer of electrons. Glucose and O2. 8 minutes without O2, lysis begins

Isotonic: Blood plasma

Hypotonic: Solutes concentration increased inside cell. H2O rushes in. Decreased osmotic pressure. Depressed

Hypertonic: Solutes concentration decreased outside cell. H2O rushes out. Increased osmotic pressure

Dehydration Synthesis: Condensation, where molecules join and produce water. C6H12O6 (glucose) and C6H12O6 (fructose) = H2O

Hydrolysis: Molecules split and water used C12H22O4 (sucrose) + H2O

Extracellular Fluid: 40L of H2O (65% of body's weight)

Intracellular Fluid: K+, Mg+, HPO4, protein, SO4

Interstial Fluid: Na+, HCO3, Cl-

Plasma: Na+, HCO3, Cl-, Protein

Endocytosis: Transport requires energy. Membrane surrounds material to get inside cell. Ex. WBC

Exocytosis: Transport requires energy. Material inside cell, packaged together (vessicle) Fuses with membrane and releases contents out of the cell. Ex Releasing waste and bringing in nutrients

Facilitated: Needs help getting through membrane

Simple Active: Low to high. Ex. Food giving energy back

Amoeba: Single cell organism, that asexually reproduces with mitosis

Cell that do not divide: 

1) RBCs (marrow continues to replace) 

2) Mature skeletal, cardiac and nerve cells 

3) Muscle/adipose grows/shrinks

Mitotic: Cell physically divides 

1) Mitosis (nucleus and contents duplicating chromosomes) divide/duplicate into 2 daughter nuclei 

2) Cytokinesis (begins before mitosis ends) cytoplasm divides to produce 2 daughter cells. Division stage

Cell cycle: Phase of growth and division, formation and division

Interphase: High cell metabolic activities (enzyme) growing stage. Doubling everything in the cytoplasm and duplicating DNA 

Horizontal gene transfer: Between cells of same generation

Genetic Recombination: Exchange of genes between 2 DNA molecules. Crossing over when 2 chromosomes break and rejoin

Meiosis: Order of bases determines inherited characteristics (fertilized egg cell) Haploid reunite to make new diploid. Alternating generations. 2 pairs of chromosomes 

1) Duplication of genetic material (mitotic) division. Chromosomes duplicate homologous pairs that find/line up and share. Mitosis daughter cell (46 chromosomes) 

2) Nuclear envelope fades and homologous chromosomes unite 

3) Replicate (4 sister chromatids connect and make strands of the chromatid material) 92 chromatids crossover 

4) Reduces 46 chromatids and new nuclear envelope surrounds chromatids 5) Envelope disappears and 2ndary spermatocytes divide to 4 spermatids (23 chromosomes) 

Spermatoza: Active sperm cell 

Eggs: Mature egg formed 6 weeks of conception

Virus: Nucleic acid surrounded by protein envelope that invades cells and acts like a metabolic machine to reproduce itself. Interferons are proteins released by the body when a virus has made entry, and signal to stop the invaders replication. A virus needs a host to survive, they affect all forms of life, and mutate quickly. Viral genes continue to be around longer than actual virus, hijacking DNA to reproduce more of itself

Retro Virus: DNA mutations, the virus can't reproduce itself so they insert their genetic material into host cells genome, relying on the host to replicate material. Overtime more copies of the virus infect other cells, and continue the process of embedding instructions for making new viral products in our DNA 

HERV: Human endogenous retro virus makes up almost 8% of our entire genetic code

STEM CELLS: Pluripotent cells that could be anything; bone, marrow, neuro, muscle, visceral, blood cells. The genome will eventually tell cells what kind of tissue it will eventually and permanently become

HERV-K: Helps embryos develop a built in immune system, keeping them safe before they develop antibodies to pathogens in the world. Codes for small protein receptors helping HERV-K make viral copies of proteins to infect other cells. Triggering embryonic cells to start making antiviral proteins, building one of the 1st defense against other viruses. After a week of fertilization, the virus leads the placenta to secrete a protein that binds it to the embryo and keeps them attached for next few months of development 

HERV-H: Multiple Sclerosis 

HERV-K: ALS.  Ancient virus

HERV-E: Gives saliva the ability to break down simple sugars, usually performed by amylase from pancreas

GENE: Arrangement of the bases or genetic code, 3 letter word that translates proteins 

VIRAL RNA: Isolated TX with enzymes to extract or 

Serology: Antibody blood test

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): Strand of DNA amplifying or making more copies of DNA. Heat added and proteins breakdown (separate or denature) into single strand of DNA. 2 primers bind, elongates to target viral RNA sequence. Taq Polymerase extends synthesis of new DNA and continues the cycle of copies. Exponential growth = 2 rounds = 4 strands, 3 rounds = 8 strands, 4 rounds = 16 strands, 5 rounds = 32 strands for about 35-40 cycles in the lab

Thermos Aquaticus: PCR technology based on a bacteria that is able to live in hot geyser at Yellow Stone, because with heat it is continually copying DNA with its Taq Primer or DNA polymerase

DNA Polymerase: Add nucleotide to the parental DNA synthesis that continuous and in pieces

DNA ligase: Links pieces together into single DNA strand

DNA Replication: Proceeds in 2 directions (3,5) at many sites simultaneously

Symptoms of Inflammation: 

1) Warmth 

2) Redness 

3) Swelling 

4) Pain 

5) Decreased Function. Preventing the spread of damaging agents. Dispose cell debris and pathogens. Alerts adaptive immune system. Set stage for repair

Stages of Inflammation: Histamine 

1) Vascular change in vesicle constriction and dilation of arterioles 

2) Cellular exudate 

3) Tissue repair

Immunities: 

1) Innate (born with/natural/native) 

2) Acquired (after birth) 

3) Active Acquired (immunization) 

4) Passive Acquired (antibodies) surveillance for pathogens, marks it w/ antigen (flag) 

Plasmid: Antibiotics 

Autoimmune: Antibodies attach to the TSH receptors, causing an over production of T3 T4, destroying thyroid tissue

Leukocytes: White Blood Cells, WBCs (10,000-12,000) 

1) Neutrophils (60-70%) 

2) Lymphocytes (20-25%) 

3) Monocytes (3-8%) 

4) Eosinophils (3-4%) 

5) Basophils (.5-1%)

NK cell: Macrophage. Police with Apoptotic Cancer Cells

1) Endocrine (Chakras)

2) Respiratory

3) GI (Digestive)

4) Reproductive

5) Integumentary

6) Muscular

7) Nervous

8) Cardiovascular

9) Lymphatic

10) Urinary

11) Skeletal

Organ System: Groups of Tissues that Specialize for a Specific Function. Collection of Live and Dead Cells

Tissues: Groups of Cells with Same Function. Surround the Cell 

1) Epithelial: Lines Organs that Form Glands, Thyroids, Pancreas, Skin and the Lining of Mouth and Stomach

2) Mesoderm: Smooth Muscles. Asthma, Kidney

3) Endothelium: Vascular Permeability. Coagulation. Anti-Coagulation. Regulation of Vascular Tone. Immune. Formation of New Vessels by Vasculogenesis and Angiogenesis

Connective Tissues: Non-Living and Living Tissues with a Degree of Vascularity. Fibers that Need to be Cooked (Denatured) to Breakdown. Connects 1 Part to Another. Supports. Cushions. Insulate. Bones, Blood, Cartilage

Tissue Damage: Caused by Chemical Mediators (Histamine, Serotonin, Prostaglandins) Open Na+ Channels 

Collagen: Facilitates Communication Across Tissues. It is Piezoelectric, it Has the Ability to Convert Mechanical Force into Electrical Currents, that Carry Charged Molecules Through the Interstitium. The Interstitum is a Fluid Filled Space between Our Bodies' Structural Barriers

1) Skin 

2) Cell Membrane

3) Internal Organs

4) Muscles

5) Circulatory

Composed of Extracellular Matrix of Collagen and Elastin fibers, Gives Structural Support. Drains into the Lymphatic System. Acts as a Transportation System, Shock Absorber, Connecting/Balancing Networks Between Body Cells and Tissues

1) Cushion Organs

2) Move Nutrients

3) Helps Clear Waste

Inside the Interstitium are Vessel Nerve Bundles, and the Location of 80% of All the Acupuncture Points. A Combination of

1) Nerves

2) Veins

3) Lymphatics

That Travel Together, React/Repel Signals, and Interact with Stem Cells for Injury Repair. It Regulates and Secretes a Protein Shh, that Regenerates Tissues in the Proper Environment. The Nervous System Directly Influences Blood Vessel Patterning. Any Movement of Collagen Generates Electrical Energy that Helps with Organ Regeneration and GI Function. Spaces between Collagen Bundles are Filled with Hyaluronic Acid

Hyaluronic Acid: Polymer (C14H21NO11). First Isolated in (1934) by Karl Meyer from a Bovine Eye. Found in Foods like Bone Broths, Organ Meats/Skins, Citrus, Vitamin C, Root Vegetables, Leafy Vegetable, Soy, Nuts and Seeds. A Natural Complex Sugar Produced by the Body. It is Energetically Very Stable with Ionic Hydrating Properties. Acting as a Powerful Humectant, Hyaluronic Acid has an Extraordinary Capacity to Bind Water, Holds 1000x It's Weight in H2O. Sponge, Absorbing H2O to Create Gel like Environment that Allows Tissues to Absorb Shock, Lubricate Moving Layers and Facilitates Fluid Flow. Regulates the Movement of Small Molecules and Inflammatory Cells Throughout Interstitium and Balances Fluids. A Build up of Fluids can Contribute to Cancer Cells Growing. Inflammation Changes the Interstitium. Hyaluronic Acid is the Primary Structural Fluid that Fills in the Interstitium. It Signals Molecules like Growth Factors, Chemokines, Cytokines, and Creates Chemical Gradients to Guide Movement. Breaking Down into Smaller Pro Inflammatory Fragments and Decreasing Swelling 

Involved in Physiological Processes of

1) Wound Healing

2) Tissue Regeneration

3) Joint Lubrications

Contributes to

1) Adhesion

2) Elasticity

3) Viscosity of Extracellular Substances

Anti-Oxidant: Scavenger of Free Radicals or Highly Reactive Unstable Oxygen Molecules that Damage Cells, Proteins and DNA. Immune Function and Oxidative Stress. UV Radiation Generates Free Radicals. External Toxins, Increased Stress and Lack of Sleep/Exercise Affect Ability to Repair Cells

Skeletal System: Bones (Living Cells Surrounded by Nonliving Extracellular Material) Framework/Protection/Warehouse. Minerals 

206 Types of Bones: 

1) Sesamoid (Developed in Tendons, Kneecaps, Vertebrae) 

2) Long (Femur) 

3) Flat (Ribs) 

4) Short (Carpal)

68 Types of Joints: 

1) Cartilaginous (Slightly Moveable) Connective Tissue of Tightly Packed Cells (Collagen) Ribs, Pelvic, Torso 

2) Synovial (Move) Ball/Socket. Hinge. Saddle. Ellipsoid. Pivot. Glide 

3) Fibrous (Immoveable) Slightly Connected by Tense Connective Tissues. Skull Sutures, Forearm

Stored in Bones: 

1) Ca+ 

2) Mg 

3) Ph 

Yellow Bone Marrow: Stores Fats 

Red Marrow: Eventually Turns Yellow but Facilitates with RBC Production

Circulatory System: 

1) Blood Vessels (Delivers O2 and Nutrients) 

2) Carry Away Waste 

3) Maintain BP

Arteries, Veins, Capillaries, Venules

Lymph: Endothelial Cell Ducts "Thymes" (R Drains to Internal Jugular) (L Drains into Thoracic Duct) Subclavian Vein

Peyers Patch: Distal of the Small Intestine. Part of the Lymph System

Endocrine/Exocrine System: Maintains Homeostasis with Slower Moving Hormones Through the Blood/Lymphatic Systems, and Targets Broad Areas and Have Lingering Effects Chemically. Most Hormones are Synthesized from Cholesterol

Hormones: Long Distant Signals. Lymph and Blood 

1) Amino Acid Based 

2) Steroids 

3) Eicosanoids

Melatonin: Hormone Released by the Pineal/Parietal Gland or Our 3rd Eye, Named for It's Pine Cone Shape. Aligning with our Chakras, it Gives Spiritual Insight, Intuition and Consciousness. A Lightning Rod to the Soul. Buddhist Metaphysics State that DMT, the Spiritual Molecule, also Secreted from the Pineal Gland Enables Transit of Life Force into this Life and From this Life to the Next

Melatonin Helps Synchronize Circadian Rhythms in Different Parts of the Body. Circadian Rhythm is Your 24 hr. Internal Clock, Responding to Light and Darkness, Releasing More Melatonin When it’s Dark Out. Acting with the Hypothalamus, it Alarms Time to Slow Down Activity for the Day, While also Protecting Neurodegeneration and Regulating Menstrual Cycles

Pituitary: Produces Growth Hormones 

1) Estrogen 

2) Progesterone 

3) Testosterone

Androgen: Group of Hormones like Testosterone (Primarily Influence the Growth and Development of Male Reproduction System)

Anterior Pituitary: Produces TSH

Thyroid Gland: Need Iodine to Work

Parathyroid: PTH (Phosphate and Calcium Levels)

PTH:

1) Bones 

2) Kidneys 

Tells the Bones and the Kidneys, along With Vitamin D in the Intestines to Send Ca+ to Blood Vessels

Pancreas: 

1) Insulin (Decreases Glucose in Blood Stream) Regulates the Storage of Glucose in the Liver

2) Glucagon (Increases Glucose in Blood Stream) Regulates the Release of Glucose from the Liver

Alpha: Secretes Glucagon

Beta: Secretes Insulin

Delta: Secretes Soma Statin

Adrenal Cortex: Stress

ADH: Increased Levels Lead to Increased Water Reabsorption in Renal Tubules (Increased Intravascular Fluid Volume) Dilutional Hyponatremia and Decreased Serum Osmolality

RAAS: Adrenal Glands on Top of Kidneys (Doors to the Club) 

Na+ (Girls) 

H2O (Guys) 

Renin: (CEO) Has the Ability to Shut Down the Kidneys (Club)

Angiotensin 1 and 2: (Assistant Managers) Send Message to Hold onto Na+. The Kidneys (Club) Want to Hold onto Na+ (Girls) to Pull in H2O (Guys) 

ACE Inhibitor: (Cops) Cuts Off the Line of Communication and Can Shut Down the (Club) Kidneys 

ARBS: Blocker (Pimp) Allows the Na+ (Girls) to Leave First and Then H2O (Guys) to Follow 

Aldosterone: (Bouncer at the Door) Enzyme Made in the Kidneys. It is Told by (Assistant Manager) Angiotensin to Shut Down but Still Let in Na+ and No Fluid is Released From the Body